t / d

/t/ and /d/ share manner and place of articulation and differ in voicing (/t/ is voiceless and /d/ is voiced). So, in theory they are exactly the same sound except for the fact that when we produce a /d/ our vocal folds vibrate and when it is a /t/ they don’t. Unfortunately, things are a bit more complicated than that. In order to pronounce /t/ and /d/ well, we have to take into account more elements, and this is even more important when we compare them to Spanish /t/ and /d/.

As was explained in the article about /p/-/b/, the three plosive pairs behave in the same way, so almost everything said here can be applied to  the pairs /p/-/b/ and /k/-/g/ as well. However, in the case of the English /t/ and /d/ there is an additional difference with their Spanish counterparts: the place where the sound is generated is different. In Spanish  /t/ and /d/ are produced by touching the back of the upper teeth with the tongue (they are dental), whereas in English the tongue is placed a bit higher, against the alveolar ridge (they are alveolar). So, in order to produce English /t/ and /d/ correctly, you have to raise your tongue so that it doesn’t touch your teeth but the hard area above them. Do this and you’ll see how the quality of your English /t/ and /d/ changes immediately.

 

Now let’s listen to some minimal pairs:

sound_loud_speaker too – do

sound_loud_speaker tear – dear

sound_loud_speaker tank – dank

sound_loud_speaker tale – dale

sound_loud_speaker try – dry

You will probably have noticed that, even though /t/ and /d/ are different, they are produced in a very similar way.


t (alveolar, plosive, voiceless)

Spelling: t (tired), tt (attend), te (write), ed (in past verbs after a voiceless sound: asked), th (thyme)

 

Let’s now compare the following words:

sound_loud_speaker tank – tanque      sound_loud_speaker tiger – tigre      sound_loud_speaker tacit – tácito      sound_loud_speaker tomb – tumba

Listen to them in context:

sound_loud_speaker The tiger is coming!        sound_loud_speaker ¡Que viene el tigre!

sound_loud_speaker A tacit agreement.           sound_loud_speaker Un acuerdo tácito.

 

No doubt there is a big difference between the English and the Spanish /t/. Part of it is due to the fact that the tongue is placed a bit higher, but there is more to it than that. I’m sure you’ve heard the puff of air -like a small explosion- which is expelled when an English /t/ is produced. This is called aspiration and it is an essential characteristic of English voiceless plosives (/p/, /t/ and /k/) when they appear at the beginning of a stressed syllable. It is a feature that doesn’t exist in Spanish, so we have to get used to doing it in the English way. As we’ll see in a moment, learning how to pronounce /p/, /t/ and /k/ correctly -that is, accompanied by that puff of air- is crucial to avoiding misunderstandings.

Here are some examples plosive consonants said by native speakers. Look at how the letters in red are pronounced.

 

sound_loud_speaker She led a remarkable life at a remarkable time (Melvyn Bragg, BBC4).

sound_loud_speaker Each morning George takes the first train of the day into Birmingham (Julian Barnes, KUSP).

sound_loud_speaker How do we explain what seems to be a quite extraordinary explosion of talent (Melvyn Bragg, BBC4).

sound_loud_speaker Is there a problem with talking about LGBT rights as human rights? (Laurie Taylor, BBC4).

sound_loud_speaker It’s a real voyage of discovery and you have to tussle with the director and the playwright, you know, is this playable, is this me? (Jeremy Irons, BBC4).

sound_loud_speaker George came to the Grand Hotel, anticipating a concentrated examination of the evidence in his case (Julian Barnes, KUSP).

 

In the examples above, the aspiration of voiceless plosives can be clearly seen in words such as problem, talking, time, talent, tussle, playwright, playable, came, case, etc. On the other hand, there is one example of each voiced plosive day, Birmingham, Grand- where the absence of aspiration is also evident.

 

It’s very important to remember that aspiration only occurs at the beginning of stressed syllables, so if the syllable is not stressed the amount of air that accompanies it will be drastically reduced. A classic example of this the word paper, in which the first p is aspirated whereas the second is not.

Listen to how Rupert Everett pronounces it in this example:

sound_loud_speaker paper

And there is another crucial point to remember: aspiration doesn’t occur when the voiceless plosive comes after the consonant s, so in words like stop, Spain or school, the plosives –t, p, k– are produced without aspiration.

Have a look at this example:

sound_loud_speaker Your first novel, The South, is set in Spain, / and your most recent short story published in The New Yorker is set in Spain. / What kind of literary inspiration does Spain give you? (Eleanor Wachtel, CBC Radio).

As you can appreciate, none of the plosives (p and t, in this example) are aspirated.


d (alveolar, plosive, voiced)

Spelling: d (day), dd (odd), ed (in past verbs after a voiced sound: rained)

 

Let’s now compare the English and Spanish /d/ sounds.

sound_loud_speaker day – día      sound_loud_speaker damage – daño      sound_loud_speaker dense –denso      sound_loud_speaker docile – dócil

Listen to them in context:

sound_loud_speaker I saw her the other day.        sound_loud_speaker La vi el otro día.

sound_loud_speaker It’s quite a docile dog.            sound_loud_speaker Es un perro bastante dócil.

 

You’ve probably noticed that the English and Spanish /d/ are not the same. Apart from the higher position of the tongue, there is something else. As we said with the /b/, the English /d/ sounds dry and flat while the Spanish /b/ sounds somewhat richer. This is because the three voiced plosives (/b/, /d/, /g/) are devoiced when they come at the beginning of a word, that is, they are produced with no vocal fold vibration.

Let’s listen to some clips where the /d/ is pronounced by native speakers.

 

sound_loud_speaker To express the same reasonable doubts and make the same reasonable requests (Julian Barnes, KUSP).

sound_loud_speaker The dominating person in that century, again speaking generally, would be Newton (Melvyn Bragg, BBC4).

sound_loud_speaker Ralph Fiennes on playing Charles Dickens (Kirsty Lang, BBC4).

sound_loud_speaker With apparently deliberate echoes of Clint Eastwood’s Dirty Harry (Mark Lawson, BBC4)

sound_loud_speaker The detail of a character is interesting too because of your feeling for that detail (Howard Jacobson, The Open University).

sound_loud_speaker This definition of the obsessive rumination on what appears to be a single piece of damming evidence (Kenneth Branagh, BBC4).

 

The devoicing of voiced plosives has a very important consequence. When /t/ and /d/ are at the beginning of words, English speakers don’t distinguish them by their voicing, since /t/ is voiceless and /d/ is devoiced (so, there is no vocal fold activity in either of them, they’re both voiceless de facto). They distinguish them because of the presence or absence of aspiration -the puff of air mentioned before-, because /t/ is aspirated and /d/ isn’t (remember the minimal pair tear-dear). So if you pronounce the sound /t/ in the Spanish way -that is, without aspiration-, an English speaker is most likely to understand a /d/ (as I said, this happens with the pairs /p/-/b/ and /k/-/g/ too).

 

d between sounds. Finally we’ll address an issue which is responsible for the strong foreign accent of many Spanish speakers of English: the pronunciation of voiced plosives (/b/, /d/ and /g/) within words. Let’s listen to the following examples:

sound_loud_speaker audacity – audacia                               sound_loud_speaker edifice – edificio                     sound_loud_speaker adoption – adopción

sound_loud_speaker adolescent – adolescente               sound_loud_speaker additional – adicional           sound_loud_speaker idyll – idilio

It is clear that the English /d/ is very different form the Spanish /d/ when it is found inside a word. Here the problem is that, in medial position, the Spanish /d/ is no longer a plosive but a fricative. This means that we don’t stop the flow of air before producing the sound. Instead, we go smoothly from one to the other. Check this by means of an experiment: say the Spanish word adicional and you’ll see that, when you are producing the /d/, your tongue doesn’t touch the alveolar ridge, so the typical closure of plosives cannot occur. Now, If you want to do it well, make sure that your tongue reaches the hard area above your teeth, and the sound will come out perfectly. Do it in this way and you’ll get rid of the problem once and for all.

And here is an example of the English /d/ in medial position.

sound_loud_speaker A star of silent cinema, the talkies have made her redundant and she lives as an eccentric recluse in her Hollywood mansion (John Wilson, BBC4).

This is the type of work I do with my students in my one-to-one classes. I make them practise these processes with exercises until they improve their comprehension of native speakers and are capable of speaking like that themselves. If you are interested in my classes, you can contact me here.

But, unfortunately, the trouble doesn’t stop here. There is another little detail to mention. We  don’t normally speak in isolated words, but in chunks of speech where words are linked to one another. We produce an uninterrupted stretch of sound. For this reason, we are likely to pronounce the /d/ badly even when it comes at the beginning of a word. Have look at this example:

sound_loud_speaker Tell me what you want to do.

This is the correct pronunciation of to do sound_loud_speaker. But many Spanish speakers are likely to say it like this sound_loud_speaker*.

Keep this point also in mind and you’ll improve your pronunciation immensely.

It is also very interesting to compare this section with those devoted to the other two voiced plosives, so you can check between sounds and g between sounds.

 

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